Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 The Indian Reorganization Act, or the Wheeler-Howard Act, was legislation enacted by the U.S. Congress on June 18, 1934, intended to loosen federal government control over American Indians. The act sought to reverse the government’s long-standing policy of forcing Indians to abandon their culture and assimilate into American society by allowing the tribes a greater degree of self-government and encouraging the retention of historic Indian culture and traditions. Key Takeaways: Indian Reorganization Act The Indian Reorganization Act, signed into law by President Franklin Roosevelt on June 18, 1934, loosened U.S. government control of American Indians.The act sought to help Indians retain their historic culture and traditions rather than being forced to abandon them and assimilating into American society.The act also allowed and encouraged the Indian tribes to govern themselves while increasing the federal government’s efforts to improve living conditions on Indian reservations.While many tribal leaders praised the act as the â€Å"Indian New Deal,† others criticized it for its shortcomings and failure to realize its potential. The act returned control of the land and mineral rights to former Indian lands back to the tribes and sought to improve the economic condition of the Indian reservations. The law did not apply to Hawaii, and a similar law passed in 1936 applied to Indians in Alaska and Oklahoma, where no reservations remained. In 1930, the U.S. census counted 332,000 American Indians in the 48 states, including those living on and off reservations. Due largely to the Indian Reorganization Act, government spending on Indian affairs increased from $23 million in 1933 to over $38 million in 1940. In 2019, the U.S. federal budget included $2.4 billion for programs serving the American Indian and Alaska Native population. While many tribal leaders hail the Indian Reorganization Act as the â€Å"Indian New Deal,† others, saying that it actually had a negative effect on Indians, called it the â€Å"Indian Raw Deal.† Historical Background In 1887, Congress had enacted the Dawes Act, intended to force Native American Indians to assimilate into U.S. society by abandoning their cultural and social traditions. Under the Dawes Act, some ninety million acres of tribal land was taken from Native Americans by the U.S. government and sold to the public. The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 had granted full U.S. citizenship only to American-born Indians living on reservations.   In 1924, Congress recognized Native American’s service in World War I by authorizing the Meriam Survey assessing the quality of life on the reservations. For example, the report found that while the average national per capita income in 1920 was $1,350, the average Native American made only $100 a year. The report blamed U.S. Indian policy under the Dawes Act for contributing to such poverty. The abysmal conditions on Indian reservations detailed in the Meriam Report of 1928 drew sharp criticism of the Dawes Act and drove demands for reform. Passage and Implementation The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) was championed in Congress by John Collier, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Long a critic of forced assimilation, Collier hoped the act would help American Indians govern themselves, retain their tribal reservation lands, and become economically self-sufficient. As proposed by Collier, the IRA met stiff opposition in Congress, as many influential private-sector interests had profited greatly from the sale and management of Native American lands under the Dawes Act. In order to gain passage, supporters of the IRA agreed to allow the BIA, within the Department of Interior (DOI), to retain oversight of the tribes and reservations. While the act did not terminate existing private-sector ownership of any Indian reservation lands, it did allow the U.S. government to buy back some of the privately owned lands and restore it to Indian tribal trusts. In the first 20 years after its passage, the IRA resulted in the return of more than two million acres of land to the tribes. However, by not disturbing existing private ownership of reservation lands, the reservations emerged as patchwork quilts of privately- and tribally-controlled land, a situation which persists today. Constitutional Challenges Since the enactment of the Indian Reorganization Act, the U.S. Supreme Court has been asked to address its constitutionality on several occasions. The court challenges have typically arisen from a provision of the IRA under which the U.S. government is allowed to acquire non-Indian land by voluntary transfer and convert it into Indian land held in federal trusts. These lands may then be used for certain activities intended to benefit the tribes, such as Las Vegas-style casinos in states that do not otherwise allow gambling. Such Indian tribal lands also become exempt from most state taxes. As a result, state and local governments, as well as individuals and businesses objecting to the impacts of large Indian casinos, often sue to block the action. Legacy: New Deal or Raw Deal? In many ways, the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) succeeded in delivering its promise of being the â€Å"Indian New Deal.† It directed funds from President Roosevelt’s actual Great Depression-era New Deal programs toward improving conditions on the Indian reservations that had suffered under the Dawes Act and encouraged renewed public appreciation and respect for Native American culture and traditions. The IRA made funds available to help Native American groups buy tribal lands lost to the Dawes Act’s allotment program. It also required that Indians be given first consideration for filling Bureau of Indian Affairs jobs on the reservations. However, many historians and tribal leaders argue that the IRA failed American Indians in many aspects. First, the act assumed that most Indians would want to remain on their tribal reservations if the living conditions on them were improved. As a result, Indians who wanted to fully assimilate into white society resented the degree of â€Å"paternalism† the IRA would allow the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to hold over them. Today, many Indians say the IRA created a â€Å"back-to-the-blanket† policy intended to keep them on the reservations as little more than â€Å"living museum exhibits.† While the act allowed Indians a degree of self-government, it pushed the tribes to adopt U.S.–style governments. Tribes that adopted written constitutions similar to the U.S. Constitution and replaced their governments with U.S. city council-like governments were given generous federal subsidies. In most cases, however, the new tribal constitutions lacked provisions for separation of powers, often resulting in friction with Indian elders. While funding for the needs of Indians increased due to the IRA, the annual budget for the Bureau of Indian Affairs remained inadequate to deal with the growing demands of economic development for the reservations or to provide adequate health and educational facilities. Few individual Indians or reservations were able to become financially self-sustaining. According to Native American historian Vine Deloria Jr., while the IRA provided opportunities for Indian revitalization, its promises were never fully realized. In his 1983 book â€Å"American Indians, American Justice,† Deloria noted, â€Å"Many of the old customs and traditions that could have been restored under the IRA climate of cultural concern had vanished during the interim period since the tribes had gone to the reservations.† In addition, he noted that the IRA eroded reservation Indians’ experience of self-government based on Indian traditions. â€Å"Familiar cultural groupings and methods of choosing leadership gave way to the more abstract principles of American democracy, which viewed people as interchangeable and communities as geographical marks on a map.† Sources and Further Reference Wilma, David. â€Å"Wheeler-Howard Act (Indian Reorganization Act) shifts U.S. policy toward Native American right to self-determination on June 18, 1934.† HistoryLink.org.â€Å"Indian New Deal.† US National Archives: Pieces of History.â€Å"Indian Affairs: Indian Affairs Funding.† US Department of the Interior (2019).â€Å"Meriam Report: The Problem of Indian Administration (1928).† National Indian Law LibraryDeloria Jr, Vine, and Lyttle, Clifford. â€Å"American Indians, American Justice.† 1983. ISBN-13: 978-0292738348Giago, Tim. â€Å"Good or Bad? Indian Reorganization Act Turns 75.† Huffington PostKelly, Lawrence C. â€Å"The Indian Reorganization Act: The Dream and the Reality.† Pacific Historical Review (1975). DOI: 10.2307/3638029.

Example Sentences of the Verb Hold for ESL

Example Sentences of the Verb Hold for ESL This page provides example sentences of the verb Hold in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Base Form hold / Past Simple held / Past Participle held / Gerund holding Present Simple They usually hold meetings on Mondays. Present Simple Passive Meetings are usually held on Mondays. Present Continuous The manager is holding a meeting at the moment. Present Continuous Passive The annual meeting is being held this morning. Present Perfect He has held many positions at this company. Present Perfect Passive The position has been held by three different employees this year. Present Perfect Continuous Peter has been holding that jewel in his hands for the past half an hour. Past Simple He held up the traffic to let the children pass. Past Simple Passive The children were held up as examples to all. Past Continuous We were holding a meeting when she burst into the room with the news. Past Continuous Passive A meeting was being held when she burst into the room with the news. Past Perfect They had already held the discussion when I arrived late. Past Perfect Passive The discussion had already been held when I arrived late. Past Perfect Continuous Mary had been holding her ground for more than an hour when she finally gave in to his request. Future (will) Alice will hold the auction. Future (will) passive The auction will be held by Alice. Future (going to) Alice is going to hold the auction tomorrow evening. Future (going to) Passive The auction will be held tomorrow evening. Future Continuous We will be holding a drink in our hands this time tomorrow. Future Perfect She will have held three different positions by the time she retires next month. Future Possibility She might hold a meeting to discuss the idea. Real Conditional If she holds a meeting, I will attend. Unreal Conditional If she held a meeting, I would attend. Past Unreal Conditional If she had held a meeting, I would have attended. Present Modal She must hold a meeting soon. Past Modal She cant have held a meeting without John. Quiz: Conjugate With Hold Use the verb to hold to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. A meeting _____ when she burst into the room with the news.The children _____ as examples to all yesterday.The manger _____ a meeting at the moment.They _____ already _____ the discussion when I arrived late.If she _____ a meeting, I will attend.Alice _____ the auction.If she _____ a meeting, I would have attended.They usually _____ meetings on Mondays.Meetings _____ usually _____ on Mondays.He _____ up the traffic to let the children pass yesterday afternoon. Quiz Answers was being heldwere heldis holdinghad heldholdswill holdhad heldholdare heldheld

PROJECT MANAGEMENT - CASE STUDY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

PROJECT MANAGEMENT - CASE STUDY - Essay Example his assignment, our objective is to develop a two year plan for correcting the defaults in the existing operations of the company and to attain improvement in its operational performance. Analysis of risk affecting the success of project is also aimed to produce through this project. It is focused on identifying the options for making improvement in the business operations of the company. The main objectives of this assignment can be summarized as below: The project plan is objected to provide performance improvement tool for the small manufacturing company in order to discard its operational and organizational problems. Through this research a two year plan has to be developed to implement a programme of integrated performance improvement activities in the small manufacturing company that employs about 30 people. The confliction between the two office staff members and two shop floor staff members for the left position of co-director and manager of the company has to be cleared through the organizational restructure. Thus a detailed organizational restructure plan is also required to be provided to the Company chairman. Operational performance analysis is intended to identify the problems and defaults existing in the business operations of the manufacturing company. Most of the organizational level problems in the manufacturing company are the result of lack of managerial hierarchy and established authority responsibility relationship in the organization. Thus analysis of operational performance and root causes of the problems will be helpful to formulate proper project plan that meets the requirements of the company relating to the operational efficiency of the entire organizational structure. Improvement in organizational performance can be done in different ways. Tools such as organizational restructuring and process reengineering are suitable for the manufacturing company to correct its default in operations. Risk relating to the implementation of the newly

The recruitment process continued Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The recruitment process continued - Coursework Example It first offers the position to its existing employees who are interested to shift to those positions. If they are not interested then the job posting is done on the intranet, so as to welcome internal referrals and the also external candidates are welcomed through advertisements on job portals or Google. The company website is also utilized for job postings (Needham, & Dransfield, 1994, p. 552). A systematic procedure is followed for selecting external candidates, which also includes the online selection procedure. This saves the cost and valuable time of the management and the human resource department. Tesco has a policy to ensure that every candidate gets an opportunity to prove their efficiency and the reasons for being appropriate for the role. Those employees working in Tesco are given the opportunity first to apply for the vacant positions, so as to give them greater exposure and broaden their knowledge. The company also motivates its staffs to progress in their careers throu gh their process called talent planning. There are schemes in which the employees can apply for higher positions through their annual appraisal scheme. The current recruitment procedure of Tesco motives the employees to develop their skills in the field they wish to work in Tesco. The managers assist the employees in developing the competencies, technical skills and behavioral pattern required for such roles. This not only assists the employees, but also helps Tesco to achieve its objectives and the employees achieve their personal objectives. In the company 80 percent of the management positions are filled through internal recruitment. This means that there is high scope of good performance appraisal in Tesco. Recommendations to Senior Leaders In the recruitment process the major role is played by the human resource department and the top management, which also includes the senior leaders of the company, who are dedicated the authority of giving their final verdict regarding the ch oice of the final candidate (Prakashan, 2007, p. 7.6-7.7). So even though Tesco follows a transparent and systematic recruitment procedure, they must keep on experimenting and introducing newer and better processes to make the recruitment process more efficient and should encourage greater diversity for faster growth and development of the firm. Now certain recommendations can be suggested for the senior leaders of Tesco to encourage a smooth recruitment process and highly diversified workforce in the company. A five step planning process would be suggested in such cases: Design a perfect human resource management system: Recruitment process cannot be undertaken without human resource department and well defined human resource system. The human resource goals should be aligned with the organizational goals, then only right recruitment can be done, and this is the task of the senior leaders to monitor that this objectives are being followed or not. Analyzing the Environment: The inte rnal and external environmental factors includes the industry, technology, competitors, regulations of the labor market, sex ratio in the organization and the long-term goals of the company. This is analyzed by the senior leaders first before proceeding for recruitment process. Not only skills but many other factors also need to be kept in mind. Human Resource Demand Forecast: The function of forecasting is done by the senior lea

Unethical advertising Essay Example for Free

Unethical advertising Essay Generally speaking, advertising is the promotion of goods, services and ideas, usually by an identified sponsor. Marketers see advertising as part of an overall promotional strategy. Other components of the promotional mix include publicity, public relations, personal selling and sales promotion. Advertisement Advertising is a form of communication whose purpose is to inform potential customers about products and services and how to obtain and use them. Many advertisements are also designed to generate increased consumption of those products and services through the creation and reinforcement of brand image and brand loyalty. For these purposes advertisements often contain both factual information and persuasive messages. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including television, radio, movies, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet, and billboards. Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company. Definition of Advertisement Description or presentation of a product, idea, or organization, in order to induce individuals to buy, support, or approve of it. Sponsored informational public notice appearing in any of the print communications media that is designed to appeal to a mass audience in order to persuade, inform, promote, motivate, or otherwise modify behavior toward a favorable pattern of purchasing, supporting, or approving a particular product, service, idea, or organization. When the advertisers message appears in the broadcast media , it is called a commercial . The first advertisement on record in an American newspaper appeared in the Boston News Letter on May 8, 1704. It described an estate for sale in Oyster Bay, Long Island. HISTORY A print advertisement from a 1913 issue of National Geographic However, commercial In ancient times the most common form of advertising was word of mouth. messages and election campaign displays were found in the ruins of Pompeii. Egyptians used papyrus to create sales messages and wall posters. Lost-and-found advertising on papyrus was common in Greece and Rome. As printing developed in the 15th and 16th century, advertising expanded to include handbills. In the 17th century advertisements started to appear in weekly newspapers in England. These early print ads were used mainly to promote books (which were increasingly affordable) and medicines (which were increasingly sought after as disease ravaged Europe). Quack ads became a problem, which ushered in regulation of advertising content. As the economy was expanding during the 19th century,  the need for advertising grew at the same pace. In America, the classified ads became popular, filling pages of newspapers with small print m essages promoting all kinds of goods. The success of this advertising format led to the growth of mail-order advertising. In 1843 the first advertising agency was established by Volney Palmer in Philadelphia. At first the agencies were just brokers for ad space in newspapers, but the 20th century, advertising agencies started to take over responsibility for the content as well. The 1960s saw advertising transform into a modern, more scientific approach in which creativity was allowed to shine, producing unexpected messages that made advertisements interesting to read. The Volkswagen ad campaign featuring such headlines as Think Small and Lemon ushered in the era of modern advertising by promoting a position or unique selling proposition designed to associate each brand with a specific idea in the reader or viewers mind. Today, advertising is evolving even further, with ,Guerrilla promotions that involve unusual approaches such as staged encounters in public places, giveaways of products such as cars that are covered with brand messages, and interactive advertising where the viewer can respond to become part of the advertising message. MEDIA One effective advertising method is to pay people to hold signs in public places. Transit advertising is combined with experiential marketing using pedapods in Australia. Commercial advertising media can include billboards (outdoor advertising), street furniture components, printed flyers, radio, cinema and television ads, web banners, web popups, skywriting, bus stop benches, magazines, newspapers, town criers, sides of buses, taxicab doors and roof mounts, musical stage shows, subway platforms and trains, elastic bands on disposable diapers, stickers on apples in supermarkets, the opening section of streaming audio and video, and the backs of event tickets and supermarket receipts. Any place an identified sponsor pays to deliver their message through a medium is advertising. Covert advertising embedded in other entertainment media is known as product placement. A more recent version of this is advertising in film, by having a main character, use an item or other of a definite brand an example is in the movie minority Report, where Tom Cruises character Tom Anderton owns a computer with the Nokia logo clearly written in the top comer, or his watch engraved with the Bulgari logo. The TV commercial is generally considered the most effective  mass-market advertising format and this is reflected by the high prices TV networks charge for commercial airtime during popular TV events. The annual Super Bowl football game in the United States is known as much for its commercial advertisements as for the game itself, and the average cost of a single thirty-second TV spot during this game has reached 2.5 million Increasingly, other mediums such as those discussed below are overtaking television due to a shift towards consumers usage of the Internet as well as devices such as TiVo. Advertising on the World Wide Web is a recent phenomenon. Prices of Web based advertising space are dependent on the relevance of the surrounding web content and the traffic that the website receives. E-mail advertising is another recent phenomenon. Unsolicited bulk E-mail advertising is known as spam. Some companies have proposed to place messages or corporate logos on the side of booster rockets and the International Space Station. Controversy exists on the effectiveness of Subliminal advertising (see mind control), and the pervasiveness of mass messages (see propaganda). Unpaid advertising (also called word of mouth advertising), can provide good exposure at minimal cost. Personal recommendations (bring a friend, sell it by zealot), spreading buzz, or achieving the feat of equating a brand with a common noun (Xerox photocopier, Kleenex tissue, Vaseline petroleum jelly, Kotex tampons, Maxi pads sanitary napkins, Scotch Tape Clear Tape, Band-aid bandage, Visine eye drops, Q-tips cot ton swabs, Rollerblades inline skates) -.- these must provide the stuff of fantasy to the holder of an advertising budget. The most common method for measuring the impact of mass media advertising is the use of the rating point (rp) or the more accurate target rating point (trp). These measures refer to the percentage of the Universe of the existing base of audience members that can be reached by the use of each media outlet in a particular moment in time. The difference between the two is that the rating point refers to the percentage to the entire universe while the target rating point refers to percentage to a particular segment or target. This becomes very useful when focusing advertising efforts on a particular group of people. For example, think of an advertising campaign targeting a female audience aged 25 to 45. While the overall rating of a TV show might be well over 10 rating points it might very well happens that the same show in the same moment of time is  generating only 2.5 trps ( being the target women 25-45). This would mean that while the show has a large universe of viewers it is not necessarily reaching a large universe of women in the ages of 25 to 45 making it a less desirable location to place an ad for an advertiser looking for this p articular demographic. IMPACT Billboard, New York City The impact of advertising has been a matter of considerable debate and many different claims have been made in different contexts. During debates about the banning of cigarette advertising, a common claim from cigarette manufacturers 3.5 that cigarette advertising does not encourage people to smoke who would not otherwise. The (eventually successful) opponents of advertising, on the other hand, claim that advertising does in fact increase consumption. According to many media sources, the past experience and state of mind of the person subjected to advertising may determine the impact that advertising has. Children under the age of four may be unable to distinguish advertising from other television programs, whilst the ability to determine the truthfulness of the message may not be developed until the age of eight . PUBLIC SERVICE ADVERTISING The same advertising techniques used to promote commercial goods and services can be used to inform, educate and motivate the public about non-commercial issues, such as AIDS, political ideology, energy conservation, religious recruitment, and deforestation. Advertising, in its non-commercial guise, is a powerful educational tool capable of reaching and motivating large audiences. Advertising justifies its existence when used in the public interest , it is much too powerful a tool to use solely for commercial purposes. Attributed to Howard Gossage By David Ogilvy Public service advertising, non-commercial advertising, public interest advertising, Cause marketing, and social marketing are different terms for (or aspects of) the use of sophisticated advertising and marketing communications techniques ( generally associated with commercial enterprise) on behalf of non-commercial, public interest issues and initiatives. In the United States, the granting of television and radio licenses by the FCC is contingent upon the station broadcasting a certain amount of public service advertising. Public service advertising reached its height during World Wars I and II under the direction of several U.S. government agencies. SOCIAL IMPACT There have been increasing efforts to  protect the public interest by regulating the content and the reach of advertising. Some examples are the ban on television tobacco advertising imposed in many countries, and the total ban on advertising to children under twelve imposed by the Swedish government in 1991. Though that regulation continues in effect for broadcasts originating within the country, it has been weakened by the European Court of Justice, which has found that Sweden was obliged to accept whatever programming was targeted at it from neighboring countries or via satellite. In Europe and elsewhere there is a vigorous debate on whether and how much advertising to children should be regulated. This debate was exacerbated by a report released by the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation in February 2004 which suggested that food advertising targeting children was an important factor in the epidemic of childhood obesity raging across the United States. In many countries namely N ew Zealand, South Africa, Canada, and many European countries the advertising industry operates a system of self-regulation. Advertisers, advertising agencies and the media agree on a code of advertising standards that they attempt to uphold. The general aim of such codes is to ensure that any advertising is legal, decent, honest and truthful. Some self-regulatory organizations are funded by the industry, but remain independent, with the intent of upholding the standards or codes (like the ASA in the UK). Critiques of the medium Advertising wrapped around a train. Minnesota, US As advertising and marketing efforts become increasingly ubiquitous in modern Western societies, the industry has come under criticism of groups such as Ad Busters via culture jamming which criticizes the media and consumerism using advertisings own techniques. The industry is accused of being one of the engines powering a convoluted economic mass production system which promotes consumption. Some advertising campaigns have also been criticized as inadvertently or even intentionally promoting sexism, racism, and ageism. Such criticisms have raised questions about whether this medium is creating or reflecting cultural trends. At very least, advertising often reinforces stereotypes by drawing on recognizable types in order to tell stories in a single image or 30 second time frame. Recognizing the social impact of advertising, Media Watch, a non-profit womens organization, works to educate consumers about how they can register their concerns with advertisers and regulators. It has developed educational  materials for use in schools. The award-winning book, Made You Look How Advertising Works and Why You Should Know , by former Media Watch president Shari Graydon, provides context far these issues for young readers. Public interest groups and free thinkers are increasingly suggesting that access to the mental space targeted by advertisers should be taxed, in that at the present moment that space is being freely taken advantage of by advertisers with no compensation paid to the members of the public who are thus being intruded upon. This kind of tax would be a Pigovian tax in that it would act to reduce what is now increasingly seen as a public nuisance. Efforts to that end are gathering momentum, with Arkansas and Maine considering bills to implement such taxation. Florida enacted such a tax in 1987 but was forced to repeal it after six months, as a result of a concerted effort by national commercial interests, which withdrew planned conventions, causing major losses to the tourism industry, and cancelled advert ising, causing a loss of 12 million dollars to the broadcast industry alone. PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF THE MEDIUM Billboard in Lund, Sweden, saying One Night Stand Over the years, the public perception of advertising has become very negative. It is seen as a medium that inherently promotes a lie, based on the purpose of the advertisement to encourage the target audience to submit to a cause or a belief, and act on it to the advertising partys benefit and consequently the targets disadvantage. They are either perceived as directly lying (stating opinions or untruths directly as facts), lying by omission (usually of terms unfavorable to the customer), portraying a product or service in a light that does not reflect reality or even making up realities where their product has a new role. EFFECTS ON COMMUNICATION MEDIA Another effect of advertising is to modify the nature of the communication media where it is shown. The clearest example is television. Channels that get most of their revenues from publicity try to make their medium a good place for communicating ads. That means trying to make the public stay for long times and in mental state that will make spectators not to switch the channel through the ads. Programs that are low in mental stimulus and require light concentration and are varied are best for long sitting times and make for much easier emotional jumps to ads, that can become more entertaining than regular shows. A simple way to understand the objectives in television programming is to compare contents from channels  paid and chosen by the viewer with channels that get their income mainly from advertisements. FUTURE With the dawn of the Internet have come many new advertising opportunities. Popup, Flash, banner, and email advertisements (the last often being a form of spam) abound. Recently, the advertising community has attempted to make the adverts themselves desirable to the public. In one example, Cadillac chose to advertise in the movie The Matrix Reloaded, which as a result contained many scenes in which Cadillac cars were used. Similarly, product placement for Rolex watches and BMW cars featured in recent James Bond films. Each year, greater sums are paid to obtain a commercial spot during the Super Bowl. Companies attempt to make these commercials sufficiently entertaining that members of the public will actually want to watch them. Particularly since the rise of entertaining advertising, some people may like an advert enough that they wish to watch it later or show a friend. In general, the advertising community has not yet made this easy, although some have used the Internet to widely distribute their adverts to anyone wishing to see or hear them.

Cyberlaundering: Anonymous Digital Cash and Money Laundering :: essays research papers

Cyberlaundering: Anonymous Digital Cash and Money Laundering Copyright 1996 R. Mark Bortner The author hereby grants the right to copy this article in its entirety or any portion thereof by any means possible and to distribute such copies freely and without charge. The author simply requests that when a portion of this article or its entirety is included within another work, that such copied material be clearly and correctly cited to. Presented as final paper requirement for Law & the Internet (LAW 745). A seminar at the University of Miami School of Law. Introduction This article will explore the latest technique in money laundering: Cyberlaundering by means of anonymous digital cash. Part I is a brief race through laundering history. Part II discusses how anonymous Ecash may facilitate money laundering on the Intenet. Part III examines the relationship between current money laundering law and cyberlaundering. Part IV addresses the underlying policy debate surrounding anonymous digital currency. Essentially, the balance between individual financial privacy rights and legitimate law enforcement interests. In conclusion, Part V raises a few unanswered societal questions and attempts to predict the future. Disclaimer: Although the author discusses this subject in a casual, rather than rigidly formal tone, money laundering is a serious issue which should not be taken lightly. As this article will show, fear of money laundering only serves to increase banking regulations which, in turn, affect everyone's ability to conduct convenient, efficient and relatively private financial transactions. Part I Humble Beginnings In the beginning, laundering money was a physical effort. The art of concealing the existence, the illegal source, or illegal application of income, and then disguising that income to make it appear legitimate 1 required that the launderer have the means to physically transport the hard cash.2 The trick was, and still is, to avoid attracting unwanted attention, thus alerting the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and other government agencies 3 involved in searching out ill-gotten gains.4 In what could be described as the "lo-tech" world of money laundering, the process of cleaning "dirty money" was limited by the creative ability to manipulate the physical world. Other than flying cash out of one country and depositing it in a foreign bank with less stringent banking laws,5 bribing a bank teller, or discretely purchasing real or personal property, the classic approach was for a "smurf"6 to deposit cash at a bank. Essentially, platoons of couriers assaulted the lobbies of banks throughout the United States with deposits under the $10,000 reporting limit as required under the Bank Secrecy Act.

History and Physical Examination Essay

Admitting Diagnosis: Stomatitis possibly methotrexate related. Chief Complaint: Swelling of lips causing difficulty swallowing. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: This patient is a 57-year-old Cuban woman with a long history of rheumatoid arthritis. She has received methotrexate on a weekly basis as an outpatient for many years. Approximately two weeks ago she developed a respiratory infection for which she received antibiotics and completed that course of antibiotics. She developed some ulcerations of her mouth and was instructed to discontinue the methotrexate approximately 10 days ago. She showed some initial improvement but over the last 3 to 5 days has had malaise, a low grade fever and severe oral ulcerations with difficulty in swallowing. Although she can drink liquids with less difficulty. Patient denies any other problems at this point except for a flare of arthritis since discontinuing the methotrexate. She has rather diffuse pain involving both small and large joints. This has caused her some anxiety. MEDICATIONS: 1. Prednisone 7.5 mg p.o. daily. 2. Estradiol 0.5 mg p.o. q.a.m. 3. Mobic 7.5 mg p.o. daily, recently discontinued because of questionable allergic reaction. 4. HCTZ 35 mg p.o. every other day and oral calcium supplements. 5. In the past she has been on penicillamine, azathioprine, and hydroxychloroquine but she has not had Azulfidine, cyclophosphamide or chlorambucil. ALLERGIES: None by history. FAMILY/SOCIAL HISTORY: None contributory. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: This is a chronically ill appearing female alert oriented and cooperative. She moved with great difficulty because of fatigue and malaise. VITAL SIGNS: Blood pressure 107/80. Heart rate 100 and regular. Respirations 22. HEENT: Normocephalic, no scalp lesions, dry eyes with conjunctival injection, mild exophthalmos, dry nasal mucosa, marked  cracking and bleeding of her lips with erosions of the mucosa. She has a large ulceration of the mucosa at the bite margin on the left. She has some scattered ulcerations on her hard and soft palate. She has difficulty opening her mouth because of pain. Tonsils not enlarged. No visible exudate. SKIN: She has some mild ecchymosis on her skin and some erythema. She has patches but no obvious skin breakdown. She has some fissuring in thebuttocks crease. PULMONARY: Clear to percussion and auscultation bilaterally. CARDIOVASCULAR: No murmurs or gallops noted. ABDOMIN: Soft, non-tender, protuberant, no organomegaly and positive bowel sounds. NEUROLOGIC: Cranial nerves 2 through 12 are grossly intact. Diffuse hyporeflexia. MUSCULOSKELETAL: Corrosive destructive changes in the elbows, wrists and hands consistent with rheumatoid arthritis. Has bilateral total knee replacements with stove pipe legs and perimalleolar pitting edema 1+. I feel no pulses distally in either leg. PHYCIATRIC: Patient is a little anxious about these new symptoms and theyre significance. We discussed her situation and I offered her psychological services. She refused for now. PROBLEMS: 1. Swelling of lips and dysphasia with questionable early Stevens-Johnson syndrome. 2. Rheumatoid arthritis class 3, stage 4. 3. Flare of arthritis after discontinuing methotrexate. 4. Osteoporosis with compression fracture. 5. Mild dehydration. 6. Nephrolithiasis 7. Anxiety PLAN: 1. Admit patient for IV hydration and treatment of oral ulcerations. 2. Obtain a dermatology consult.  3. IV leucovorin will be started and the patient will be put on high dose corticosteroids. 4. Considering patients anxiety perhaps obtain services of Stella Rose Dickinson PHD phycology at a later date.

John Rawls’ Theory of Justice: Contribution to Solve Some Political Issues in the Philippines

John Rawls is perhaps the most significant intellectual in philosophical ethics to have written in the past hundred years. It is nearly impossible to address ethics in contemporary philosophy without saying something about John Rawls. Central to his theory of justice are the concepts of fairness and equality from behind what he terms a â€Å"veil of ignorance†. Rawls's veil of ignorance is a component of the way people can construct society. He refers to an â€Å"original position† in which a person is attempting to determine a fair arrangement for society without any preconceived notions or prejudices. In this original position, people are behind what Rawls calls a â€Å"Veil of Ignorance† and do not know where they will fall in the social hierarchy in terms of race, class, sex, disability, and other relevant factors. Rawls is a Kantian liberal in that he believes that principles of justice should be universalizable, and so the only way to ensure that people will select fair principles of justice is to be certain that they do not know how the principles they select might affect them as individuals. A person behind the â€Å"veil of ignorance† does not know which side of a social contract he or she will be on, does not know his or her race, class, sex, or status in society. You can read also  Justice System Position Paper A person who does not know what privileges he or she will be born with (or without ) is, in Rawls' view, more likely to construct a society that does not arbitrarily assign privilege based on characteristics that should have no bearing on what people get. Rawls believes that a society cannot be just without fairness and equality and believes this veil of ignorance both reveals the biases of current society and can help to prevent biases in establishing future social arrangements. Rawls is often thought of as a liberal philosopher given his position emphasizing fairness regardless of social status. His philosophy can be used to justify programs like affirmative action but has also been used by the more politically conservative to argue that the American political system allows each person a fair chance and that most people would choose the American political system from behind a veil of ignorance. Source: John Rawls-A Theory of Justice

Expanded Role of the CIO essays

Expanded Role of the CIO essays To begin a thorough discussion of the question What are the possible advantages and disadvantages of giving the CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER an expanded role in the corporation? We must first differentiate between the roles of an Information Technology Manager and the roles of a Chief Information Officer CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER if there is a difference at all. The role of a Chief Information Officer as defined by dictionaryreference.com is the person who determines the overall strategic direction and business contribution of the information systems function in a business. As one CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER tried to defined the role of Chief Information Officer on http://techrepublic.com.com/5100-6297_11-1048844.html. He had to break it into two separate definitions for both small and large companies. There are really two types of CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER roles: the small-company CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER and the large-company CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER. The small-company CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER typically runs an environment of networks, servers, and purchased applications. The IT group will operate and maintain existing systems, and will select and implement new systems. Typically, everyone in the IT department (with the possible exception of the CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER) is hands-on with the technology and systems on a daily basis. The large-company CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER, on the other hand, manages larger groups performing essentially the same functions, as well as groups developing custom applications. Most of the management team at a large company is hands-off with the technology. Now the role of an Information Technology Manager as defined by http://jobguide.thegoodguides.com.au/text/jobdetails.cfm?jobid=44 Information technology (IT) managers plan, administer and review the acquisition, development, maintenance and use of computer and telecommunicati ...

The Catcher in the Rye Overview

'The Catcher in the Rye' Overview The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, is one of the most well-known coming-of-age novels in American literature. Through the first-person narrative of teenager Holden Caulfield, the novel explores modern alienation and the loss of innocence. Fast Facts: The Catcher in the Rye Author: J.D. SalingerPublisher: Little, Brown and CompanyYear Published: 1951Genre: FictionType of Work: NovelOriginal Language: EnglishThemes: Alienation, innocence, deathCharacters: Holden Caulfield, Phoebe Caulfield, Ackley, Stradlater, Allie CaulfieldFun Fact: J.D. Salinger wrote a prequel (The Ocean Full of Bowling Balls) that tells the story of Holdens brothers death. Salinger donated the story to Princeton University on the condition it not be published until 50 years after his death- the year 2060. Plot Summary The novel begins with the narrator, Holden Caulfield, describing his experience as a student at Pencey Prep. He has been expelled after failing most of his classes. His roommate, Stradlater, wants Holden to write an essay for him so that he can go on a date. Holden writes the essay about his late brother Allies baseball glove. (Allie died of leukemia years prior.) Stradlater does not like the essay, and refuses to tell Holden whether he and his date had sex. Upset, Holden leaves campus and travels to New York City. He rents a room in a cheap hotel. He makes arrangements with the elevator operator to have a prostitute named Sunny visit his room, but when she arrives, he becomes uncomfortable and tells her that he just wants to talk to her. Sunny and her pimp, Maurice, demand more money and Holden gets punched in the stomach. The next day, Holden gets drunk and sneaks into his family’s apartment. He talks to his younger sister, Phoebe, whom he loves and regards as innocent. He tells Phoebe that he has a fantasy of being the catcher in the rye who catches children when they fall off a cliff while playing. When his parents come home, Holden leaves and travels to his former teacher Mr. Antolinis house, where he falls asleep. When he wakes up, Mr. Antolini is patting his head; Holden becomes disturbed and leaves. The next day, Holden takes Phoebe to the zoo and watches as she rides the carousel: his first true experience of happiness in the story. The story ends with Holden stating that he got sick and will be starting at a new school in the fall. Major Characters Holden Caulfield. Holden is sixteen years old. Intelligent, emotional, and desperately lonely, Holden is the epitome of an unreliable narrator. He is obsessed with death, especially the death of younger brother Allie. Holden strives to present himself as a cynical, smart, and worldly person. Ackley. Ackley is a student at Pencey Prep. Holden claims to despise him, but there are hints that Holden views Ackley as a version of himself. Stradlater. Stradlater is Holden’s roommate at Pencey. Confident, handsome, athletic, and popular, Stradlater is everything Holden wishes he could be. Phoebe Caulfield. Phoebe is Holden’s younger sister. She is one of the few people that Holden holds in high regard. Holden views Phoebe as smart, kind, and innocent- almost an ideal human being. Allie Caulfield. Allie is Holdens late younger brother, who died of leukemia before the start of the narrative. Major Themes Innocence vs. Phoniness. Phony is Holden’s insult of choice. He uses the word to describe most of the people and places he encounters. To Holden, the word implies artifice, a lack of authenticity, and pretension. To Holden, phoniness is a symptom of adulthood; by contrast, he views the innocence of children as a sign of true goodness. Alienation. Holden is isolated and alienated throughout the entire novel. His adventures are consistently focused on making some sort of human connection. Holden uses alienation to protect himself from mockery and rejection, but his loneliness drives him to keep trying to connect. Death. Death is the thread that runs through the story. For Holden, death is abstract; what Holden fears about death is the change that it brings. Holden continuously wishes for things to remain unchanged, and to be able to go back to better times- a time when Allie was alive. Literary Style Salinger employs naturalistic, slang-infused language to believably replicate the voice of a teenage boy, and injects the narration with filler words to lend it the same rhythm as the spoken word; the resulting effect is the sense that Holden is telling you this story. Holden is also an unreliable narrator, telling the reader that he is the most terrific liar you ever saw. As a result, the reader can’t necessarily trust Holden’s descriptions. About the Author J.D. Salinger was born in 1919 in Manhattan, New York. He burst onto the literary stage with the publication of his famous short story, A Perfect Day for Bananafish in 1948. Just three years later he published The Catcher in the Rye and solidified his reputation as one of the greatest authors of the 20th century. Superstardom did not agree with Salinger, and he became a recluse, publishing his last story in 1965 and giving his last interview in 1980. He died in 2010 at the age of 91.

HIV positive women should not become pregnant Research Paper

HIV positive women should not become pregnant - Research Paper Example There is also a risk of higher post operative complications among severely immunodepressed HIV infected women. Moreover, pregnant women with HIV are affected by stigmatization. A cross-sectional study done on 1525 women attending antennal clinics in Kenya indicated that the rates of stigma was high which led them to refuse testing (Turan, Bukusi, Onono, Holzemer, & Cohen, 2011) . This paper focuses on evidence based review of literature why HIV positive women should not become pregnant. There is an estimation of about 1.5 million women living with HIV globally with over 90% concentrated in the Sub-Saharan Africa. According to Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2014), perinatal transmission is HIV transmission from mother to child during pregnancy, labor and delivery. In the United States, 88% of persons under 13 diagnosed with HIV acquired it perinatally. The African American population represented 63%, Hispanics were 22%, while whites were 13% of the dignoses of perinatal HIV infection at the end of 2009. Despite the increase in the number of women with HIV gving birth, there has been a decline in perinatal infections from 2007 to 2009. The transmission rates are high, 15- 45% when no interventions are put in place. In developed countries, the mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV has been almost eliminated due to effective prevention programs. There are significant challenges facing prevention mother to child transmission (PMTCT) programs in developing countries therefore causing significant gaps in reducing the rates of MTCT. HIV positive women are recommended by the World Health Organization to be assessed for the eligibility to start highly active anterotroviral therapy (HAART). In this regard, PMTCT programs present a major opportunity to HIV positive women to enable prevention of infant infections as well as allow

Current Situation on the Consumer Credit Market in the U.S Term Paper

Current Situation on the Consumer Credit Market in the U.S - Term Paper Example This paper offers contemporary analysis of the recent tendencies in American market for consumer loans. The research clearly shows that the situation in the market is gradually improving, considering the growth in consumer loans provided. Consumer purchases just like the entire consumer behavior, is a complex one. Businesses as well as academicians have been focusing on this behavioral pattern for quite some time. In the post crisis situation the business houses also need to have fair knowledge of consumer’s income. In the post crisis situation where most countries are still recovering from economic downturn, consumers are experiencing low disposable income. The effects of credit crunch of 2007 fails to die down as organizations may not be able to finance sufficient credit and this is likely to have an effect on consumer credit. Clearly after the global financial crisis US economy has suffered a loss in mortgage markets. The credit situation has been deeply influenced by financial crisis. Bad debts as a result of easy availability of credits have culminated into a crisis. Financial crisis was just an outcome of accumulating debt. During the economic times in 2005 consumer spending was at such a rate that savings had landed on zero. Post crisis consumers are increasing their savings rate. Although still much in wide usage consumers are trying to make less use of credit cards. In recent times banks have made some recovery and lending is again taking place. They are mainly supplying student loans.